Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women and is the second leading cause of cancer death in women.
About 10% of all cases of breast cancer are related to genetic predisposition or family history, with variances by country and ethnicity.

Despite being rare, breast cancer also affects men, in Portugal, about 1% of breast cancers are in men.
Over the years, there has been a continuous investigation: new data are discovered about its causes and new ways of preventing, detecting and treating. All work with the objective of improving the quality of life, chances of cure, and how to diminish the psychological and social burden of this disease.
Future research in breast cancer will focus not only on new drugs, but even more on the individualization of therapy for every single tumor in every single patient.

Parkinson’s disease is considered the second most common degenerative disease of the central nervous system. It is a rare disease among children and adolescents, being common between 50 and 79 years old, and with prevalence in men. It is estimated that there are about 7 to 10 million individuals with the disease, with about 5% of cases appearing before the age of 40.

Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative and slowly progressive disease of specific areas of the brain. It is characterized by tremor when the muscles are at rest, increased muscular stiffness, postural instability. In many people, thinking becomes compromised or dementia develops.

Current scientific research is focused on identifying potential biomarkers of the disease, which allow an accurate and timely diagnosis, and on the creation of more effective therapies, in order to fill the currently unmet clinical needs.

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, causing a global, progressive and irreversible deterioration of several cognitive functions, including memory, attention, concentration, language and thinking.

According to the World Health Organization, about 60 to 70% of all cases of dementia belong to Alzheimer’s disease.

There are an estimated 193,000 Alzheimer’s patients in Europe, with 47.5 million cases of dementia.

So far there is no cure for this disease. However, there are some medications that help stabilize cognitive functions in people in the mild to moderate stages.

Leukemia is a cancer of the most primitive cells in the bone marrow, the stem cells. Bone marrow is the organ where the cells of the blood, the mature cells, are formed. These cells form from stem cells, which are more primitive.

The main leukemias are:
-Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) – is the most common type of leukemia in pediatric age. ALL starts in the bone marrow, and most of the time, the leukemic cells invade the blood fairly quickly but can also spread to other parts of the body. 
-Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) – affects both adults and children. It results from the malignant transformation and uncontrolled proliferation of an abnormally differentiated long-lived myeloid progenitor cell resulting in high circulating numbers of immature blood cells and replacement of the bone marrow with malignant cells.
-Chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL) – mainly affects adultos mais velhos e é responsável por cerca de um terço de todas as leucemias. It is a type of leukemia that starts in the white blood cells in the bone marrow.
-Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) – mainly affects adults and does not affect children. Occurs when the pluripotent stem cell undergoes malignant transformation and clonal myeloproliferation, causing overproduction of immature granulocytes.

The skin is our biggest organ and its cells renew in a regular and controlled way. Every day, skin cells age and die and are replaced by new cells. Sometimes this systematic process goes wrong, with new cells forming without the skin needing them, and without aging cells dying when they should. This excess of cells can form a mass of tissue called a neoplasm or tumor.

The two most common types of nonmelanoma skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. This type of carcinoma represents, together, about 90% of all skin neoplasms and tend to appear on the head, face, neck, hands and arms, the areas most exposed to the sun. However, skin cancer can appear anywhere on the body.

There are currently several new oncologic medical therapies that have shown very promising results in the treatment of advanced melanomas.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States and around the world. Almost as many Americans die of lung cancer every year as die of prostate, breast, and colon cancer combined.
Lung cancer tumors are divided into two broad histological categories: non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). NSCLC represents more than 80 to 85% of lung cancers of which approximately 40% are adenocarcinoma, 25 to 30% are squamous cell carcinoma, and 10 to 15% are large cell carcinomas.

The geographic and temporal patterns of lung cancer incidence, as well as lung cancer mortality, on a population level are mainly determined by tobacco consumption, the main aetiological factor in lung carcinogenesis. Other factors such as genetic susceptibility, poor diet, occupational exposures and air pollution may act independently or in concert with tobacco smoking in the pathofisiology of lung cancer.

• Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma;
• Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: Being the most common type of cholangiocarcinoma, accounting for more than half of all cancers of the bile duct;
• Distal cholangiocarcinoma;