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Susana Ferreira
28/Sep/2021
HealthcareNewsOncology0

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials are studies conducted in humans designed to discover or verify the effects of one or more investigational drugs. These are essential for confirming the safety and efficacy of new drugs, as well as for testing new uses of drugs already on the market. Those responsible for planning and conducting a clinical trial must carefully assess whether the potential benefits resulting from the participation of patients in a particular clinical trial outweigh any risks that the research may involve, as clinical trials involve ethical issues and some risks and their impact on the patients involved must be carefully evaluated.

Clinical trials are always considered the best treatment, as it results from the use of the best drugs with the best technology and even the best treatment available for this condition. Those who participate may or may not benefit from the treatment, however they will always have the support, comfort, monitoring and follow-up of an experienced and qualified research team.
Although there is always the chance that a new treatment will prove ineffective, the results obtained at earlier stages of the development of a new treatment make researchers believe that they are as effective or more effective than existing treatments.
By participating in these research projects, they are helping researchers get closer to a cure, contributing to the development of innovative molecules and improving the quality of life of all those who suffer or will suffer from the same disease.

📌 How can I participate in a Clinical Trial?

Participation in a trial or clinical study is voluntary, you may participate if:

  • Get invited by your doctor
  • Be aware of the existence of the trial and want to participate

New Breathe has the medical knowledge and experience to know the best clinical trials around the world for you.

 

📌 Clinical research is usually classified into 4 phases: I, II, III, and IV. 

We must first remember that in order to clinically study a drug, it must have already been approved in preclinical tests, i.e., safety aspects are evaluated in experimental animals before this drug is applied to humans. When this medication is ready to be tested in humans, the phases of clinical investigation begin and follow one after the other, until as much information as possible about the drug is obtained.
  • Step I: refers to the use of the drug for the first time in a human being, usually a healthy individual who does not have the disease for which the drug is being studied. About 20 to 100 individuals participate in this phase.
  • Step II: About 100 to 300 individuals who have the disease or condition for which the procedure is being studied participate in this phase. Phase II tests usually different dosages as well as different indications of the new drug are also evaluated in this phase.
  • Step III: After the pilot study has been completed, large multicenter studies follow thousands of patients, 5,000 to 10,000 in general, depending on the pathology in question, for a longer period of time, usually being compared to other existing and recommended treatments for the same problem. The analysis of the data obtained in phase III may lead to the registration and approval for commercial use of the new drug or procedure by the health authorities.
  • Step IV: After a drug or a diagnostic/therapeutic procedure is approved and brought to market, follow-up tests on its use are designed and implemented in thousands of people, providing additional details about the safety and efficacy of the product. One of the important objectives of phase IV studies is to detect and define previously unknown or incompletely qualified side effects and related risk factors.

 

📌 If you are considering participating in a clinical trial, you should ask the clinical trial investigating physician all questions before agreeing to participate. You can, and should, ask questions about the clinical trial, its procedures, risks and benefits, or about alternative treatments, at any time. Some questions:

  • What is a clinical trial?
  • Who sponsors the clinical trial?
  • What is the purpose of this clinical trial? What are you investigating?
  • Who can participate?
  • How many patients will participate?
  • What is the duration of the clinical trial?
  • When participating, what are my rights? And my responsibilities?
  • What treatment will I receive? Can I choose? How long is the treatment?
  • What is the investigational drug? Do you know its advantage over existing ones? Are there any results already? How safe are they and the other drugs that will be used?
  • If I decide to participate, can I continue to take my usual medications?
  • What procedures (analyses/diagnostic tests) will be performed? Are there any invasive tests?
  • What risks will I take with my participation?
  • What benefits will I get from my participation?
  • Will my participation in the clinical trial affect my daily routine/work activity?
  • Will I be aware of the results?
  • Who can I contact when I have questions?
  • Will they always be with me?
  • What if I regret it and don’t want to continue participating?
  • I am currently receiving treatment, if I do not want to participate in the clinical trial, will I continue to receive treatment and medical assistance?
  • And if something goes wrong, how will I be treated or compensated?
  • Is there any insurance?
  • How will my personal and medical data be processed?
  • How is the confidentiality of my data kept?

 

 

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Susana Ferreira
21/Sep/2021
Alzheimer’s DiseaseHealthcareNews0

Donanemab in Early Alzheimer’s Disease

Donanemab in Early Alzheimer’s Disease

A hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease is the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. Donanemab, an antibody that targets a modified form of deposited Aβ, is being investigated for the treatment of early Alzheimer’s disease.

Methods

We conducted a phase 2 trial of donanemab in patients with early symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease who had tau and amyloid deposition on positron-emission tomography (PET). Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive donanemab (700 mg for the first three doses and 1400 mg thereafter) or placebo intravenously every 4 weeks for up to 72 weeks. The primary outcome was the change from baseline in the score on the Integrated Alzheimer’s Disease Rating Scale (iADRS; range, 0 to 144, with lower scores indicating greater cognitive and functional impairment) at 76 weeks. Secondary outcomes included the change in scores on the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale–Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB), the 13-item cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-Cog13), the Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study–Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Inventory (ADCS-iADL), and the Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE), as well as the change in the amyloid and tau burden on PET.

Results

A total of 257 patients were enrolled; 131 were assigned to receive donanemab and 126 to receive placebo. The baseline iADRS score was 106 in both groups. The change from baseline in the iADRS score at 76 weeks was −6.86 with donanemab and −10.06 with placebo (difference, 3.20; 95% confidence interval, 0.12 to 6.27; P=0.04). The results for most secondary outcomes showed no substantial difference. At 76 weeks, the reductions in the amyloid plaque level and the global tau load were 85.06 centiloids and 0.01 greater, respectively, with donanemab than with placebo. Amyloid-related cerebral edema or effusions (mostly asymptomatic) occurred with donanemab.

Conclusions

In patients with early Alzheimer’s disease, donanemab resulted in a better composite score for cognition and for the ability to perform activities of daily living than placebo at 76 weeks, although results for secondary outcomes were mixed. Longer and larger trials are necessary to study the efficacy and safety of donanemab in Alzheimer’s disease. (Funded by Eli Lilly; TRAILBLAZER-ALZ ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03367403)

 

 Mark A. Mintun, M.D., Albert C. Lo, M.D., Ph.D., Cynthia Duggan Evans, Ph.D., Alette M. Wessels, Ph.D., Paul A. Ardayfio, Ph.D., Scott W. Andersen, M.S., Sergey Shcherbinin, Ph.D., JonDavid Sparks, Ph.D., John R. Sims, M.D., Miroslaw Brys, M.D., Ph.D., Liana G. Apostolova, M.D., Stephen P. Salloway, M.D., et al.

 

Alzheimer’s disease

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Susana Ferreira
14/Sep/2021
HealthcareNewsParkinson’s disease0

Parkinson’s disease is a recognisable clinical syndrome with a range of causes and clinical presentations.

Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease is a recognisable clinical syndrome with a range of causes and clinical presentations. Parkinson’s disease represents a fast-growing neurodegenerative condition; the rising prevalence worldwide resembles the many characteristics typically observed during a pandemic, except for an infectious cause. In most populations, 3–5% of Parkinson’s disease is explained by genetic causes linked to known Parkinson’s disease genes, thus representing monogenic Parkinson’s disease, whereas 90 genetic risk variants collectively explain 16–36% of the heritable risk of non-monogenic Parkinson’s disease. Additional causal associations include having a relative with Parkinson’s disease or tremor, constipation, and being a non-smoker, each at least doubling the risk of Parkinson’s disease. The diagnosis is clinically based; ancillary testing is reserved for people with an atypical presentation. Current criteria define Parkinson’s disease as the presence of bradykinesia combined with either rest tremor, rigidity, or both. However, the clinical presentation is multifaceted and includes many non-motor symptoms. Prognostic counselling is guided by awareness of disease subtypes. Clinically manifest Parkinson’s disease is preceded by a potentially long prodromal period. Presently, establishment of prodromal symptoms has no clinical implications other than symptom suppression, although recognition of prodromal parkinsonism will probably have consequences when disease-modifying treatments become available. Treatment goals vary from person to person, emphasising the need for personalised management. There is no reason to postpone symptomatic treatment in people developing disability due to Parkinson’s disease. Levodopa is the most common medication used as first-line therapy. Optimal management should start at diagnosis and requires a multidisciplinary team approach, including a growing repertoire of non-pharmacological interventions. At present, no therapy can slow down or arrest the progression of Parkinson’s disease, but informed by new insights in genetic causes and mechanisms of neuronal death, several promising strategies are being tested for disease-modifying potential. With the perspective of people with Parkinson’s disease as a so-called red thread throughout this Seminar, we will show how personalised management of Parkinson’s disease can be optimised.
  Bastiaan R Bloem, Michael S Okun, Christine Klein
© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Susana Ferreira
07/Sep/2021
HealthcareNews0

Compassionate use

Compassionate use is a treatment option that allows the use of an unauthorized medicine. Under strict conditions, products under development can be made available to groups of patients who have a disease without satisfactory authorized therapies and who cannot enter clinical trials.

Established by Article 83 of Regulation (EC) No. 726/2004 , this hypothesis is intended to:

📌 Facilitate and improve access to compassionate use programs for patients in the EU;

📌 Favor a common approach regarding the conditions of use, the conditions of distribution and the target patients for the compassionate use of new unauthorized medicines;

📌 Increase transparency between Member States in terms of treatment availability.

What is the role of the European Medicines Agency in compassionate use?

The Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) can provide recommendations to all EU Member States on the administration, distribution and use of certain medicines in compassionate use.  In addition, it identifies which patients may benefit from such programs.

The CHMP can provide these recommendations at the request of a member state or when it becomes aware that several compassionate use programs are being set up in member states. CHMP recommendations, on the other hand, aim to standardize compassionate use programs across the EU and can also help to make the conditions of existing compassionate use programs clearer. However, the CHMP recommendations have no legal implications and are only implemented by member states that wish to follow them.

Besides compassionate use, are there other ways of obtaining medicines before they are authorized?

In addition to compassionate use, there is also “personal prescription” treatment, where doctors can obtain a promising medicine for a patient by requesting a supply of a medicine from the manufacturer to be used on a patient under their immediate responsibility.

This type of “personal prescription” treatment should not be confused with compassionate use programs, as in this case, the treating physician contacts the manufacturer directly. While the manufacturers record what they supply, there is no central record of patients receiving treatment in this way.

Some patients may enter “expanded access programs.”  That is, a company that produces a promising drug may choose to run one of these programs to allow early access to its drug and expand its use by patients who may benefit from it. For example, patients who have been treated with the drug during a clinical trial and would like to continue treatment may be able to do so through an expanded access program. These programs are often authorized by national authorities in the same way as clinical trials, and patients are followed in the same way as patients in a clinical trial.

 

Bottom line:

Compassionate use can be a way to make a promising but not yet authorized drug available to patients who:

📌 Currently cannot be treated satisfactorily with authorized drugs,

📌 Have a disease for which no authorized drug is yet available,

📌 Cannot be included in an ongoing clinical trial.

 

The request is made by the doctor to the pharmaceutical company that is developing the product and to the national authorities that have to authorize compassionate use.

European legislation for centrally authorized drugs states that the drug in question must have been the subject of a marketing authorization application or be undergoing clinical trials. In other words, it is not necessary for the drug in question to already be authorized somewhere in the world. If the product has been or is currently being tested in a clinical trial on your disease, your doctor can apply for a compassionate use authorization.

Most countries in the European Union have a special regime for dispensing a medicine on a compassionate basis. Many other European countries have similar processes, and these processes are more or less complex and time-consuming.

 

Learn more at (source):

➜ https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/research-development/compassionate-use#compassionate-use-recommendations-section

➜ https://toolbox.eupati.eu/resources/uso-compassivo/?lang=pt-pt

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